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Last use of capital punishment in Spain
The last use of capital punishment in Spain took place on 27 September 1975 when two members of the armed Basque nationalist and separatist group ETA and three members of the Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front (FRAP) were shot dead by firing squads after having been convicted and sentenced to death by military tribunals for the murder of policemen and civil guards. Spain was Western Europe's last dictatorship at this time and had been unpopular and internationally isolated in the post-war period due to its relations with Nazi Germany in the 1930s and the fact that Franco had come to power by overthrowing a democratically-elected government. As a result, the executions resulted in a storm of criticism of the Spanish government, both domestically and abroad. Reactions included street protests, attacks on Spanish embassies, international criticism of the Spanish government and diplomatic measures, such as the withdrawal of the ambassadors of fifteen European countries.
This was the last use of the death penalty in Spain as, following the death of the authoritarian Spanish leader, Francisco Franco, two months later, no further executions took place. The 1978 Spanish Constitution largely abolished the death penalty, with the exception of limited cases in times of war, and these exceptions were abolished in 1995. In 2012, a Basque Government commission found that the processes used to convict two of those executed had violated their rights and awarded compensation to their families.
==Background==
Franco had come to power after the Spanish Civil War, during which various factions had committed mass executions of political opponents.
Numerous historians, including Helen Graham,〔Graham, Helen. ''The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press. 2005. p.30〕 Paul Preston,〔Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.'' Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p. 307〕 Antony Beevor,〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. pp.86–87〕 Gabriel Jackson,〔Jackson, Gabriel. ''The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939'' Princeton University Press. 1967. Princeton. p.305〕 Hugh Thomas, and Ian Gibson〔Gibson, Ian. ''The Assassination of Federico García Lorca.'' Penguin Books. London. 1983. p.168〕 believe that the "White Terror", as the summary executions of political opponents by the Francoist side became known, was a deliberate policy, in contrast to the executions perpetrated by their opponents, which lacked the approval of the Spanish government which Franco was seeking to overthrow. The death penalty, which had been abolished in 1932 for civil cases, was revived by Franco in 1938.〔''(The International Sourcebook on Capital Punishment )'', p67, William A. Schabas, Andrew Rutherford, UPNE, 1997〕
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